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| Green tea plantation. Green tea contains compounds called catechins. |
Green tea can help prevent cancer and balance estrogen levels according to studies.
Research from the U.S. National Institutes of Health shows that the biochemicals in green tea change a women’s estrogen metabolism. This in turn reduces the risk of breast cancer.
Cancer Institute studies women
The study comes from the NIH’s National Cancer Institute. It was led by Dr. Barbara Fuhrman. The researchers tested the levels of urinary estrogens and metabolites among 181 healthy Japanese American women from California and Hawaii. Of the group, 72 of the women were postmenopausal. The remainder of the group was premenopausal.
The data was compiled using a combination of urinary testing along with personal interviews with each women. The woman’s intake of not only green tea, but black tea, coffee (decaffeinated or not) and soda (decaffeinated or not) was also queried and recorded and measured, and the results were adjusted with respect to caffeine consumption. Considerations such as soy consumption, body mass index, age and others were also made and adjusted.
The research found that those postmenopausal women who drank green tea daily had 20% less urinary estrone and 40% less urinary estradiol levels, when compared to those levels of women who drank green tea less than one time per week.
Estrogen metabolism and breast cancer
These estrogen levels followed their categorization with regard to the estrogen metabolism pathway involved. This allowed the researchers to determine that these urinary estrogen differences were related to their estrogen metabolism and their future risk of breast cancer.
The primary estrogen pathway connected with breast cancer is the 16-hydroxylated estrogens. As for the 16-hydroxylated estrogen pathway, both estradiol and estrone markers were 40% lower among those women who drank green tea at least one time daily compared to those women who drank less than one cup of green tea a week.
Levels of caffeine consumption did not change these dynamics among the women. And black tea consumption did not produce these decreases in estrogen metabolites.
Furthermore, estrogen levels of premenopausal women did not respond to green tea consumption. This did not surprise the researchers, as previous research has found that postmenopausal women respond differently to medications such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors.
Interestingly, the research also found that the average urinary estrogen levels of the entire postmenopausal Japanese American group was about half of the levels that were found in a recent study of postmenopausal women from New York who were primarily Caucasian. The researchers could not determine the reason for the difference – stating that it could be related to differences in diet, lifestyle factors or others.
While other studies have shown some differences in urinary estrogen levels and green tea drinking among women, this is the first study that analyzed a broad range of estrogen metabolites among peri- and postmenopausal women.
Post-menopause follows one year after the stage of menopause, when a woman’s ovaries halt egg production. During this period, estrogen and progesterone production is reduced.
During this period a woman may experience symptoms related to lower levels of estrogen production. These include hot flashes, night sweating, insomnia, headaches, mood swings and other physical symptoms.
Compounds in Green Tea
The compounds in Green Tea include polyphenols such as epigallocatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate. These catechins can comprise up to 30% of the dry weight of fresh tea leaves.. These catechins have been shown to inhibit tumors in laboratory studies. The NIH researchers suggested that these polyphenols were the reason for the change in the estrogen metabolites:
“As a rich source of phytochemicals that can interact with and regulate xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, green tea may modify metabolism or conjugation of estrogens and may thereby impact breast cancer risk.”
Another 2013 study from Italy’s University of Calabria found that epigallocatechin gallate specifically down-regulates a gene that stimulates cancer growth.
Other foods containing catechins, such as olives, blackberries, raspberries, cherries, grapes, apples, papayas, mangoes among many others, also have shown anti-cancer effects. Many herbal teas also contain catechins.
Green Tea Reduces Influenza
A compilation and analysis of research from Thailand’s University of Phayao has confirmed that these special compounds within green tea can help prevent the flu and lessen the severity of flu infections.
Multiple studies have now determined that compounds in green tea called catechins can significantly fight the flu.
The researchers compiled data from eight studies that tested over 5,000 people. Among five studies, the research found that there was an average of 33 percent less incidence of influenza among those who consumed the green tea extract compounds.
In another three studies of over 2,000 people, the research found there was a 48 percent effectiveness in reducing the incidence and severity of flu infections.
Overall, the research found that gargling with green tea and taking green tea extract supplements reduced the incidence and severity of flu infections by 38 percent as calculated in the meta-analysis.
In four of the studies, the subjects gargled with green tea. In two studies, the subjects took green tea extract supplements. And in two other studies, the subjects drank 1-5 cups of green tea a day or at least two cups a week.
Green tea and caffeine
Many doctors recommend halting caffeine consumption during post-menopause, to help with menopause symptoms. This may run some conflict to green tea consumption, as a cup of green tea will typically contain about 20 milligrams of caffeine – as compared to about 30 milligrams in black tea and many sodas, and about 80 milligrams in a cup of coffee.
Indeed, caffeine also changes estrogen levels in women according to other studies.
However, there are forms of green tea that contain less and even no caffeine. Gyokuro and Sencha Green teas will contain about half the caffeine content. The Joujicha green tea, the Genmaicha tea (mix of Bancha and Genmai – rice grain), and the Bancha green tea can contain up to ten times less caffeine than standard green teas.
In addition, there are now several decaffeinated green tea products available. The “Effervescence” decaffeination process, which uses water and carbon dioxide will retain over 90% of the green tea’s polyphenols. The other method, wherein ethyl acetate is used as a solvent, can lose as much as 70% of the green tea’s polyphenols during decaffeination.
And of course, black tea has the most caffeine, and does not provide the same medicinal benefits. Even though black tea is made from the same plant – Camellia sinensis – black teas are dried and oxidized under intense heat and/or sun, during which they lose much of their medicinal constituents.
REFERENCES:
Fuhrman BJ, Pfeiffer RM, Wu AH, Xu X, Keefer LK, Veenstra TD, Ziegler RG. Green tea intake is associated with urinary estrogen profiles in Japanese-American women. Nutr J. 2013 Feb 15;12(1):25.
Yang CS, Wang X, Lu G, Picinich SC: Cancer prevention by tea: animal studies, molecular mechanisms and human relevance. Nat Rev Cancer2009, 9(6):429–439