Primary Compounds
Ginger contains numerous bioactive compounds, including: Gingerols: 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol. Shogaols: 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, and 10-shogaol. Zingerone: An important phenolic compound. Essential oils: Zingiberene, bisabolene, and camphene.Traditional Medicine Uses
Ayurveda Digestive Health: Used to treat indigestion, bloating, and gas. Often consumed as a digestive tonic. Anti-inflammatory: Applied to reduce inflammation and treat arthritis. Respiratory Health: Used for treating coughs, colds, and respiratory infections. Traditional Chinese Medicine Nausea and Vomiting: Commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting, including morning sickness and motion sickness. Digestive Aid: Prescribed for improving digestion and relieving stomach pain. Circulation: Believed to improve blood circulation and treat conditions like cold extremities. Western Herbal Medicine Anti-inflammatory: Used to reduce inflammation and pain, especially in conditions like osteoarthritis. Antioxidant: Utilized for its antioxidant properties to combat oxidative stress. Antiemetic: Employed to alleviate nausea and vomiting.‘Universal Medicine’ of Ayurveda
In Ayurveda—the oldest medical practice still in use—ginger is the most recommended botanical medicine. As such, ginger is referred to by Ayurvedic physicians as vishwabhesaj, meaning “universal medicine.”
An accumulation of studies and chemical analyses in 2000 determined that ginger has at least 477 active constituents. Each of these constituents can stimulate a slightly different physiological mechanism in the body—often moderating the mechanisms of other constituents. This is one of the secrets, by the way, of traditional herbs. Their constituents buffer and balance each other.
Herbalists classify ginger as analgesic, tonic, expectorant, carminative, antiemetic, stimulant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial.
Most of these are proven out in the studies below:
Clinical Research on Ginger
Wound Healing and pain
Ginger has been used traditionally to help heal wounds. In a 2017 study from Turkey’s Koç University Hospital, researchers tested 49 patients who had received tonsillectomy surgery. Following the surgery, 23 of the patients were given ginger capsules along with their normal post-surgery treatment. The other 26 patients were given the normal post-surgery treatment without the ginger.
The patients receiving the ginger had reduced pain and increased wound healing. The skin tissues at the wound sites also showed faster healing times compared to the patients that did not receive the ginger.
Influenza
Multiple studies have confirmed that ginger is antiviral. A 2017 study has confirmed that ginger extracts are toxic to the Avian influenza virus H9N2. Researchers testing different extracts found that a 25% ginger extract produced 100% infected cell death. The researchers concluded that ginger was anti-avian flu.
Inflammation
A 2016 study tested 69 tuberculosis. Half were given 3 grams of ginger extract each day for 30 days. The other half were given a placebo. Blood tests for inflammatory factors were taken before and after the 30 days. They found that the ginger group had significantly lower levels of of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), ferritin and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood.
These tests confirmed that ginger significantly reduces inflammatory factors within the body.
Many of ginger’s active constituents have anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing effects. Research has illustrated that ginger inhibits COX and LOX enzymes in a balanced manner. This allows for a gradual reduction of inflammation and pain without the negative GI side effects that accompany NSAIDs.
Yet as opposed to NSAIDS, ginger does not come with the typical gastrointestinal side effects—notably heartburn and ulcers.
Ginger’s anti-inflammation effects underscore its use in respiratory ailments, fevers, nausea, colds, flu, hepatitis, liver disease, headaches and many digestive ailments to name a few. The below studies confirm these effects.
Osteoarthritis
A 2016 clinical study of 120 osteoarthritis patients tested half with 500 milligrams of ginger powder three times per day. The other half of the patients received a placebo. The researchers found that after three months, the ginger patients had lower levels of inflammation cytokines.
A 2013 study gave 60 osteoarthritis patients either 750 milligrams a day of ginger or a placebo. The ginger group had better symptom improvement and reduced pain.
A 2013 study found that ginger applied topically onto the skin can significantly reduce pain and inflammation from osteoarthritis. This study from Australia’s Edith Cowan University studied 20 mostly elderly adults with osteoarthritis.
Another study from Thailand’s Thammasat University found that Plygersic gel – made of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and a ginger relative called plai (Zingiber cassumunar) – significantly reduced knee pain, mobility and quality of life among 50 patients tested.
Another study of 440 people with osteoarthritis were tested with an Ayurvedic combination of ginger plus Tinospora cordifolia, Emblica officinalis and Boswellia serrata. Those given the Ayurvedic combination had pain relief that closely matched the relief of the pharmaceutical drug celebrex (celecoxib). Celecoxib has been plagued with complaints of cardiovascular and other side effects.
A study from Russia’s Central Gastroenterology Scientific Research Institute tested ginger against the NSAID diclofenac with 43 patients with osteoarthritis. The researchers gave 22 patients 340 milligrams of ginger extract for four weeks. The ginger group had similar pain and inflammation reduction as the diclofenac but with less side effects—notably less heartburn symptoms.
For six weeks, researchers from Iran’s Farateb Research Institute treated 92 osteoarthritis patients with either a salicylate ointment or a ginger ointment. After six weeks of topical application twice a day, the ginger ointment significantly reduced pain and morning stiffness, and increased mobility among the patients.
Other research has shown that topical ginger can significantly reduce osteoarthritis symptoms.
Nausea
A 2017 study from Thailand’s Khon Kaen University studied 88 cancer patients who received a ginger extract or a placebo with their chemotherapy treatments. The researchers found those patients receiving the ginger extact had significantly reduced nausea and vomiting and had better appetites compared to the placebo group.
Researchers from the University of Rochester Medical Center found, in a study of 576 cancer patients, that ½ gram, one gram and 1.5 grams per day of powdered ginger significantly reduced nausea among patients receiving chemotherapy.
Another study from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences found that ginger root given to chemotherapy patients significantly reduced nausea among bone cancer patients.
New York Methodist Hospital researchers gave 239 women either ginger or a placebo prior to being given anesthesia for a C-section surgery. Those given the ginger had reduced intraoperative nausea during the C-section.
In fact, whole ginger is clinically proven to reduce nausea, stomachache, ulcers and many other gastrointestinal problems.
Cancer
A 2017 study tested ginger’s ability to fight cancer cells. Using human ovarian cancer cells, the researchers found that ginger extract significantly inhibited the growth of the cancer cells. The research also found that ginger stimulated the body’s anticancer immunity through the p53 pathway to kill cancer cells.
A study from Atlanta’s Emory University found that ginger may reduce colon cancer proliferation. The researchers tested 20 people with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. They gave them two grams of ginger or a placebo for 28 days. They found the ginger group had lower expression of signs of cancer among the intestinal walls.
In a similar study from the University of Michigan Medical School, researchers confirmed that ginger reduced cancer cell expression among intestinal cells as they tested 20 high-cancer risk people—again with two grams per day.
In another study, University of Michigan Medical School researchers studied ginger with 30 patients for 28 days. They found that ginger significantly reduced inflammation markers PGE2, and 12-HETE.
A 2017 review of research also found that ginger was anticancer against breast cancer.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
A study from a Taiwan’s College of Medicine at Kaohsiung Medical University found that fresh ginger is an effective treatment against human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This study tested ginger with infected lung and liver cells.
Another study found that ginger improved breathing and oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Athletic performance and muscle pain
A 2015 study from Marywood University tested 20 healthy subjects. The researchers gave some 4 grams of ginger powder over a five-day period to half the group and the other half were given a placebo. During the five days, the subjects worked out with intense exercise.
The researchers found the ginger sped up the recovery of muscle strength after the intense exercise. The ginger group also had increased lifting strength compared to the placebo group during the recovery periods.
Another study found that ginger was effective in increasing athletic performance. The study of 49 women used three grams of ginger powder per day or a placebo. The ginger group had significantly less inflammation and better recovery rates, and reduced muscle pain.
A study from Georgia College and State University studied 34 people and 40 people for 11 days, giving part of each group either raw ginger or heat-treated ginger powder during muscle testing that produced pain. The researchers found that both the raw and the processed ginger reduced muscle pain among the subjects 24 hours later.
Bacterial Infections
A study from King Saud University and India’s Rangasamy College found that ginger successfully inhibited infective species of bacteria including Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli bacteria.
This and other studies illustrate that ginger is an effective natural antibiotic.
Difficult menstruation
In a study of 70 female university students with difficult menses, subjects were given either ginger (powdered in capsules) or a placebo for three days at the beginning of menstruation. Among the group taking the ginger there was significantly less pain, and 83% reported improved nausea symptoms compared to 47% among the placebo group.
A similar conclusion was found in a study from India’s Holy Spirit Institute of Nursing Education. In this study 75 nursing students were given either one gram of ginger powder twice a day during the first three days of menstruation or progressive muscle relaxation. The researchers found that those given the ginger had significantly less pain and other symptoms of dysmenorrheal than did those receiving the progressive muscle relaxation.
Researchers from the Department of Midwifery at Shahed University tested 102 women with difficult menstruation. They gave the women either a placebo or 1,500 milligrams of powdered ginger in capsules per day for five days during the beginning of menstruation. They found that the ginger group had significantly less pain and other symptoms.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Forty IBS patients were given either a placebo or Ginger along with Mentha longifolia (Horse mint) and Cyperus rotundus (Java grass or nut grass). After eight weeks, those in the IBS group reported significant improvement in IBS symptoms.
Glucose sensitivity
Medical researchers tested 64 patients with type 2 diabetes. For two months they gave them either two grams per day of powdered ginger or a placebo. The ginger group had significantly lower insulin levels, and improvements in insulin sensitivity. The ginger group also had lower LDL-c levels and triglyceride levels compared with the placebo group.
Weight loss
Columbia University researchers found that overweight men given ginger with breakfast burned more calories (thermogenesis), reduced hunger and had a greater sense of fullness.
Migraines
Researchers from the Kansas Headache Care Center tested a combination of ginger and feverfew with 60 patients. The patients were treated with a placebo or the combination during a total of 221 migraine attacks. The patients were given the ginger/feverfew combination sublingually.
On average, 63% of those given the combination were pain-free in two hours, compared with 32% of those given conventional drug medication and 16% of those given the placebo.
Digestion
A study from Taiwan’s Chang Gung University College of Medicine studied 11 patients with heartburn and found that three capsules of ginger powder containing 300 milligrams each significantly hastened digestion by measuring the rate of emptying of the stomach. The patients were given a meal an hour after the ginger supplement.
Increased gastric emptying was also found by Shahid Beheshti University researchers who studied 32 patients who were hospitalized with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
It should be noted that ginger’s gastrointestinal effects are most prevalent in its whole/raw form. During pulverization, dehydration and extraction, some of ginger’s 477 constituents may be lost.
Dry mouth and swallowing
A 2016 study from Japan’s Kochi Medical School Hospital tested 18 healthy seniors. The researchers gave the subjects oral ginger tablets that dissolved in their mouth. The researchers found that after the ginger tablets, the subjects could swallow easier. Saliva tests confirmed they had increased levels of saliva after taking the ginger.
Antioxidant
A number of studies have found ginger to be antioxidant. The latest is a 2017 laboratory study that tested ginger extract as well as many of its constituents. This study found that both ginger extract and four constituents tested had significant antioxidant properties.
The antioxidant constituents included 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol.
Brain health
A 2017 study from Kyung Hee University tested ginger along with several of its constituents with nerve and brain cells. They found that ginger and constituents like 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 6-paradol, zingerone, and dehydrozingerone, “are effective for ameliorating the neurological symptoms and pathological conditions of age-related neurological disorders by modulating cell death or cell survival signaling molecules.”
Allergies
A 2016 study from Japan’s Chubu University (Kawamoto et al.) tested ginger on allergies in the laboratory. They found that ginger and specifically 6-gingerol suppressed Th2 cytokines and also Th1 cytokines among spleen cells.
They also found that ginger suppressed mast cell productionand moderated T-cell responses.
A 2017 laboratory study from Thammasat University (Makchuchit et al.) also found that a formula containing ginger (Benjakul) also significantly reduced allergic responses and inflammation related to allergies.
Ginger has been shown to outperform allergy drugs in other research.
Here are a few ways to take raw ginger:
- Grate directly into salads and other fresh dishes (potato peeler works great too)
- Top food dishes after cooked with grated ginger
- Put a chunk of root directly into blender when making fruit smoothie
- Peel and take a small bite and chew
- Grate into hot tea after steeping is completed
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